How do the English versions break the text into sections?

2 John Sanky Diagrams Section Headings
From https://www.openbible.info/labs/bible-section-sankeys/ 

Over at OpenBible.info, Stephen Smith continues to play with interesting visualizations of the biblical text. A recent post shows how we can see the way different English versions break up the text under section headings:Explore Bible Sections (Pericopes) with Sankey Diagrams. Using a free online resource, SankeyMATIC, Smith took twenty English Bible, generated the data for where each split up the text (he shares the data which looks like a lot of work to me), set it up to be used in SankeyMatic, and then generated Sankey Diagrams for each book of the Bible. I've copied the one he generated for 1 John. 

What are you looking at? Sankey diagrams provide a way of comparing and visualizing data. The height of the band indicates the number of sources in agreement. The splits show where they differ and how many differ. As you would expect, they all agree about the beginning and end of the text. Most versions insert a heading at 1.4, but at least a couple versions split at 1.5, and some make no split at all.

So, what good is this kind of information? Smith cites some examples from Ruth and Lamentations (acrostic divisions). 

Another way I think this kind of visualization could be helpful is to compare alignments in the LXX version of books as compared to the Hebrew. E.g., it's always messy trying to align ch:vs in LXX of Isaiah w/ that of the Hebrew (and English versions). Esther is also messy that way. And the Psalms need alignment between the Hebrew, Greek, and English with offsetting chapters and verses. 

These Sankey diagrams could also be helpful for showing some key places where sections are in question. For example, here is a snippet Smith generated for Mark 8.27-9.30.

Mark 8.27 starts the scene near Caesarea Philippi where Peter makes his confession of Jesus. Most versions make a split at 8.31 and the first Passion Pronouncement. Some break again at 8.34 when Jesus calls the crowd together and talks about what it means to follow him, but some don't break until 9.2. It appears that one version breaks at 9.1, though 9.1 really does belong with the preceding. (And unfortunately, the Revised Common Lectionary follows the chapter break rather than the logical break at 9.2.) The Transfiguration starts at 9.2. Should it run until 9.14, or, as some versions do, break at 9.9 and the discussion as they are coming down the mountain about rising from the dead and Elijah?

And thanks to Smith's sharing of the data, I will hope to find the time to plug in my preferred division of Mark's gospel and use the SankeyMATIC to show how mine differs from the others.

One other thing that might be interesting historically is to use Eusebius' Kephalia of the Gospels to show how it compares to modern divisions.

How else do you think these could be used?

ChatGPT, biblemate, and more AI revisited

Image created by DALL-E with prompt: create an image of Jonah and the whale, there is a storm and rough seas, Jonah is about to be swallowed, there is a ship nearby, angular and abstract style

I first posted about AI and their ability to respond to Bible related questions in May 2023. I did an update in November 2023 and noted some significant changes. I thought I would revisit the matter again and see what's new. Well, a lot is new.

A year ago, ChatGPT was the really the primary service, but I also used biblemate, a customized version which, as the name suggests, is Christian-moderated. One of the prompts I used was: "Was Jonah swallowed by a whale?" I chose this figuring it would sort out how aware the AI was of literal or metaphorical readings. Also, would they know that the Hebrew really just refers to a "great fish" and not necessarily a whale?

What's new now is that ChatGPT has a whole host of related services dedicated to different sorts of tasks. For this time, I chose "Scholar GPT." But there are quite a few other AI services now: Bing Copilot, Gemini, Claude, and more. Another somewhat new aspect is that the Copilot, Gemini, and Claude interfaces are now presented as 'chats.' I.e., they understand that there is some sense of a conversation, and that its response to a query can need either refinement or expansion. I did also try asking the same question at different times, and I got different responses, so they all (except for biblemate) seem to be constantly updating themselves. (This is also why it makes it so hard to track down plagiarism.)

So how do they each answer the question: Was Jonah swallowed by a whale?

You can check the November responses for ChatGPT and biblemate, and this time around, they both are more 'conservative.' Scholar GPT similarly describes the event and notes that it was a "great fish," but it omits this part that it had last time: 

Whether the events in the story are to be understood as literal historical events or as a symbolic or allegorical tale is a matter of interpretation. Some people interpret the story as a miraculous event that actually happened, while others see it as a literary device with a moral or theological message. It is important to note that interpretations of biblical stories can vary among different religious traditions and denominations.

I.e., it only reports a literal reckoning of the story. biblemate was 'conservative' last time and is even more so this time. Here's what it says now:

Yes, the story of Jonah being swallowed by a great fish is found in the book of Jonah in the Old Testament. In Jonah 1:17, it states, "Now the Lord provided a huge fish to swallow Jonah, and Jonah was in the belly of the fish three days and three nights." This miraculous event serves as a sign of God's sovereignty and mercy, as Jonah was eventually spit out onto dry land and given a second chance to fulfill God's mission for him.

That's pretty similar to last time, except that it omits: " The story of Jonah is often interpreted as a lesson about obedience and repentance." I.e., it seems to only be concerned about the literalness of the event and doesn't even consider it to be a "lesson." Where are Scholar GPT and biblemate learning this from?

Bing Copilot by default provides cross references. (I probably could have asked the others to do so.) Here is how it answers the question:

The story of Jonah being swallowed by a whale is a well-known biblical tale. According to the Bible, Jonah was swallowed by a “great fish” that God provided¹². The Hebrew text uses the phrase “large fish,” and it doesn’t specify the exact type of creature³. In popular culture, this fish is often depicted as a whale, but the original text leaves it more ambiguous².

It’s a fascinating story that has captured the imagination of many over the centuries!
Do you have any other questions about biblical stories or anything else?

Those references are to BibleGateway for the text, Wikipedia, and a response on billygraham.org. It does answer the question quite concisely, and it does leave some room for it being a "biblical tale" and "story."

As an experiment, I asked Copilot the exact question again some time later, and it generated a different response.

The story of Jonah being swallowed by a whale is a well-known biblical account. However, the original Hebrew text of the Bible refers to a “great fish” rather than specifically a whale¹²³. In the Book of Jonah, it states that "the Lord had prepared a great fish to swallow up Jonah"². This has led to various interpretations over time, with some translations and cultural depictions referring to it as a whale³.

Regardless of the exact species, the story emphasizes Jonah’s miraculous survival and his subsequent mission to deliver God’s message.

Is there a particular aspect of this story that interests you?

The conclusion says a bit more the second time. The references it cites this time are from: armstronginstitute.org, BibleGateway, Wikipedia, learnreligions.com, and BibleHub. That's a rather interesting spectrum from Armstrong's Worldwide Church of God to Learn Religions' all-religions approach.

Gemini offers an even more concise answer.

Yes, according to the biblical account of Jonah, he was swallowed by a "great fish." This fish is often interpreted as a whale, though the exact species is not specified in the text.

The story of Jonah and the whale is a well-known parable in the Bible that highlights the power and mercy of God.
Would you like to know more about the story of Jonah and the whale?

It knows about the "great fish" aspect, and, as you can read, it labels the story as a "parable." 

Here is what Claude returns:

According to the biblical narrative in the Book of Jonah, Jonah was swallowed by a "great fish" rather than specifically a whale. The exact Hebrew term used is "dag gadol," which translates to "great fish."

This story is part of the Judeo-Christian tradition, found in the Old Testament. In the account, God commands Jonah to preach to the city of Nineveh. Jonah attempts to flee from this divine command by boarding a ship. A great storm arises, and the sailors, believing it's due to Jonah's disobedience, throw him overboard. It's at this point that the "great fish" swallows Jonah.

Jonah remains in the belly of the fish for three days and three nights before being vomited out onto dry land. He then proceeds to fulfill his mission to Nineveh.

It's worth noting that while many popular retellings and interpretations of this story refer to the creature as a whale, the original text does not specify the exact type of sea creature. The idea of it being a whale likely stems from the creature's large size and its ability to swallow a man whole.

Would you like more information about the story of Jonah or its interpretations in various religious traditions?

This is the longest response of the AI generators I tried, and it provides quite a bit more context for the account. It only answers the question posed without getting into literal or metaphorical matters, but it did offer to go further at the end. When I replied with a "yes," it came back with this:

Certainly, I'd be happy to provide more information about the story of Jonah and its interpretations. Here are some key points:

1. Historical and Literary Context:
   - The Book of Jonah is part of the Minor Prophets in the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament.
   - It's believed to have been written around the 8th-5th century BCE.
   - Unlike other prophetic books, it's primarily narrative rather than a collection of prophecies.

2. Interpretations in Judaism:
   - In Jewish tradition, the story is read during Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement) as a reminder of God's mercy and the power of repentance.
   - Some rabbinical interpretations focus on Jonah's reluctance to prophesy, seeing it as a reflection of his concern for the Jewish people.

3. Christian Interpretations:
   - In Christianity, Jesus references the "sign of Jonah" as a prefiguration of his death and resurrection (three days in the tomb).
   - The story is often seen as an example of God's universal love and forgiveness, extending even to non-Israelites (the people of Nineveh).

4. Islamic Perspective:
   - Jonah (Yunus in Arabic) is considered a prophet in Islam.
   - The Quran mentions his story, emphasizing the themes of repentance and divine mercy.

5. Symbolic and Allegorical Interpretations:
   - The "great fish" has been interpreted as a symbol of chaos, death, or the unknown.
   - Jonah's journey has been seen as an allegory for spiritual transformation or rebirth.

6. Scientific and Historical Debates:
   - Some have attempted to identify real marine creatures capable of swallowing a human, such as large species of whales or sharks.
   - Others interpret the story as purely allegorical or mythological, not meant to be taken literally.

7. Cultural Impact:
   - The story has inspired numerous works of art, literature, and even idioms (e.g., "a Jonah" referring to a person who brings bad luck).

Would you like me to elaborate on any specific aspect of the Jonah story or its interpretations?

That's quite a broad perspective, and one that seems reasonably objective and accurate. I did ask Claude to provide source references for its response, and it replied:

I apologize, but I need to clarify that I don't have access to a database or the ability to search for and provide specific source references. The information I provided in my previous response is based on my training, which includes general knowledge about religious texts, interpretations, and scholarship. However, I cannot cite specific books, articles, or authors.

When it comes to providing accurate citations, especially for academic or scholarly purposes, it's always best to verify information from primary sources or peer-reviewed publications.

For the most reliable information on this topic, I would recommend consulting:

1. The original biblical text (Book of Jonah in the Old Testament)
2. Academic commentaries on the Old Testament or specifically the Book of Jonah
3. Scholarly works on Jewish, Christian, and Islamic interpretations of prophetic literature
4. Books or articles on comparative religion, particularly those focusing on shared narratives across Abrahamic faiths
5. Academic databases or libraries for peer-reviewed articles on the literary and historical analysis of the Book of Jonah

If you need specific citations for any part of the information I provided, I encourage you to cross-reference with these types of sources. This will ensure you have accurate, up-to-date, and properly cited information for your purposes.

As always, the AI generator results may not be accurate and require further confirmation. Copilot seems the most transparent in pointing to its sources.